Civil+Rights+Cases

=Early Discrimination=

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 * __Jim Crow Laws:__** They were laws that promoted segregation between blacks and whites. They were used when the African Americans were considered to be citizens, but the white community did not want to accept them. So they used the Jim Crow laws that allowed them to reject the black society without technically breaking the law.=====

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__De Jure vs. De Facto Discrimination:__De Facto: "as a matter of fact" is segregation by fact or circumstance. Often it is not a conscious choice. It is more by chance. (Ex. Neighborhoods, frequently there is a white neighbor or a black neighbor, this concentration can lead to schools that are predominately one race.)===== De Jure: Segregation required by law, such as a school being segregated because there is a law requiring it.

**__NAACP Use of busing to integrate - how did it work? What was the response to it?__**
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It was founded in 1909 and called for racial equality, aimed mainly at middle class**.** It used ligation and went through the courts to try to achieve equality in the civil rights movement. It backed up the Brown case.

=**Civil Rights Cases:**=
 * //Brown v Board of Education://** //Was a group of five legal appeals that challenged the "separate but equal" basis for racial segregation in public schools in Kansas, Virginia, Delaware, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia**.**// //In all five cases, inequality in curriculum, school structures, and transportation were the key issues.//

**//Plessy v Ferguson://**
1896 decision by the US Supreme Court that confirmed the principle of "Separate but Equal" and minority segregation. Homer Plessy agreed to be arrested to test the 1890 law establishing "whites only" train cars. Although he himself was one-eighth black and seven-eighths white, he was still legally required to sit in the "colored" car of the train. John Howard Ferguson decided that the state could choose to regulate railroad companies that operated only within Louisiana. He found Plessy guilty of refusing to leave the white car. Plessy appealed to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, which upheld Ferguson's decision. When the Supreme Court heard Plessy's case they found the law constitutional. Plessy paid the fine for the offense, but the case renewed black opposition to such laws.The //Plessy// decision set the precedent that "separate" facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were "equal" (which was rarely the case).

**//Rostker v Goldberg://**
In 1980, Robert Goldberg challenged the U.S. draft registration policy by bringing suit against Bernard Rostker, the director of the Selective Service System. When Goldberg won in federal court, Rostker appealed to the Supreme Court. The Court ruled that it was constitutional to register only men for the draft. Congress specifically determined that in wartime, the primary purpose of a draft would be to provide combat troops. “Since women are excluded from combat, Congress concluded that they would not be needed in the event of a draft, and therefore decided not to register them.”

=Legislative Action:= __Civil Rights Act of 1964:__ The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed major forms of discrimination against African Americans and women, including racial segregation. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public ("public accommodations").

__24th Amendment:__The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. Prohibited any poll tax in elections for federal officialism's. Poll taxes are prohibited for both state and federal elections. Congress has the power to enforce the article by appropriate legistaltion

__Voting Rights Act of 1965__: outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the US. Prohibits states from imposing and "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard practice or procedure... to deny or abridge the right of and citizen of the US to vote on account of race or color. The Act established extensive federal oversight of elections administration, providing that states with a history of discriminatory voting practices (so-called "covered jurisdictions") could not implement any change affecting voting without first obtaining the approval of the Department of Justice.