Women+and+Equal+Rights

By: Nikki Havey and Morgan Lander  =__Early treatment: The legal system claimed to be protecting women by treating them differently.__ =

__What was the doctrine known as "coverture"? __ The coverture referred to a legal doctrine that states women’s legal rights included by the husband.

__Suffrage Movement: What was it? When and where? What did it produce?__
The 19 Amendment, section 1, gave women the right to vote stating "the right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex." The amendment was adopted by Congress after many campaigns led by advocators. Even though many states had individual laws on allowing women's suffrage, it was not until 1920 until all states granted this right.

__Modern Women's Rights Movement:__
Began in the 1960s and started to flourish on the development of Feminist Jurisprudence in the 1970s. The wanting of these rights have led to legal challenges in employment, domestic relations, reproductive rights, education, and criminal law. However though this movement failed to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, courts generally agree to these rights through the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. source: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/The+Modern+Women's+Rights+Movement

The reasonableness standard: a test that judges whether the decisions made were valid at the time to solve the issue at hand

"Strict scrutiny" standard: standard of judicial review that challenges a policy that the court assumes is invalid until the government can prove a reason that justifies the policy.

Equal Rights Amendment: The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was an amendment proposed to the U.S. Constitution around 1923. However, it wasn’t passed through Congress until 1972, and it was not ratified because of a low number of votes. The amendment has three sections. - Section 1: explains women’s right to vote; (19th amendment); - Section 2: explains how Congress has the power to enforce laws; - Section 3: explains that this amendment would take effect two years after it is ratified;

__Discrimination in the Workplace__
"sexual harassment" - unwanted sexual advances made by a boss or superior, especially if continued employment or advancement relies on agreeing to these sexual advances;

"equal pay for equal work" - this is the concept that states individuals should receive the same amount of pay for the same work; the law states "employers may not unequal wages to men and women who perform jobs that require substantially equal skill, effort and responsibility, and that are performed under similar working conditions with the same establishment"; used in term of sexual discrimination; the pay refers to both salaries and benefits;

"comparable worth" regards unequal pay between men and women. Often causes economic problems among first world countries and requires regulation by the government.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Court cases:__
<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">//Rostker v Goldberg://
 * ======<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Include a summary of the facts of the case (who was suing who and why) ======
 * <span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Supreme Court believed it was constitutional to only require men to register for the draft. In 1980, during Jimmy Carter's presidency, he re-established the Military Selective Service System because he wanted to include women as well.
 * ======<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">the court's decision and reasoning used (include any dissenting opinions) ======
 * <span style="color: #ff6800; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">However, after many debates, Congress denied it, and kept it to men only. They had a 6/3 decision and the majority believed it was a violation of the equal protection component of the due process clause.
 * ======<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">the impact the decision had on individuals' civil rights and liberties: ======
 * This decision impacted individuals' civil rights and liberties by not respecting women and their abilities. It required all men to register for the draft, and kept women at home doing the jobs men said they would do.